03 Marine Works, Frederick (Frank) William Scarbrough's Pool of London, With Footnotes #317

Frederick (Frank) William, Scarbrough (British, 1863-1945)

Unloading, Pool of London

Watercolour heightened with bodycolour

33.7 x 51.4cm (13 1/4 x 20 1/4in)

Private collection

Sold for Sold for £1,275 in April 2022

The Pool of London is a stretch of the River Thames from London Bridge to below Limehouse. Part of the Tideway of the Thames, the Pool was navigable by tall-masted vessels bringing coastal and later overseas goods—the wharves there were the original part of the Port of London. The Pool of London is divided into two parts, the Upper Pool and Lower Pool. The Upper Pool consists of the section between London Bridge and the Cherry Garden Pier in Bermondsey. The Lower Pool runs from the Cherry Garden Pier to Limekiln Creek. More on the Pool of London

Frank Scarbrough was a London artist who settled in Lincoln in 1908. He painted mainly in watercolours, often taking as his subject matter the busy shipping in the Pool of London, where ocean-going liners battled for space with soot grimed tugs and barges in the murky waters of the Thames. On other occasions he painted quite atmospheric pictures, which were often done in the late afternoon when he captured the different reflections on the water in places such as Whitby Bay.

Frederick (Frank) William, Scarbrough (British, 1863-1945)

Evening, Pool of London

Watercolour heightened with white

22.8 x 33.9cm (9 x 13 3/8in)

Private collection

Estimated for £800 - £1,200 in April 2020

Scarbrough belongs to that group of Edwardian artists who worked until the 1930’s and include such well known marine artists as Charles Napier Hemy, William Lionel Wyllie and Charles Dixon. Apart from Hemy, who was in a class of his own, Scarbrough was probably the most interesting of the group, because his work was painted in an impressionistic style that owed nothing to the traditional style of marine painting, but was influenced by the work of Albert Marquet or Camille Pissarro’s “The Docks of Rouen, Morning”. More on Frank Scarbrough

Frederick (Frank) William, Scarbrough (British, 1863-1945)

At Woolwich, London

Watercolour heightened with white

26 x 17cm (10 1/4 x 6 11/16in)

Private collection

Sold for £2,040 in April 2020

Woolwich is a district in southeast London, England, within the Royal Borough of Greenwich.

The district's location on the River Thames led to its status as an important naval, military and industrial area; a role that was maintained throughout the 16th, 17th, 18th, 19th and most of the 20th century. After several decades of economic hardship and social deprivation, the area is now subject to several large-scale urban renewal projects. More on Woolwich

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01 Marine Art, AFÉLIX ZIEM'S L'Escaut à Anvers, With Footnotes #316

FÉLIX ZIEM (FRENCH, 1821-1911)

L'Escaut à Anvers

Watercolor on paper

81⁄4 x 121⁄2 in. (21 x 31.8 cm.)

Private collection

Sold for USD 6,300 in Apr 2022

L'Escaut à Anvers is a 350-kilometre-long river that flows through northern France, western Belgium, and the southwestern part of the Netherlands, with its mouth at the North Sea. 

Félix Ziem (February 26, 1821 – November 10, 1911) was a French painter in the style of the Barbizon School. He was born Félix-Francois Georges Philibert Ziem in Beaune in the Côte-d'Or département of the Burgundy région of France. His mother was a native of Burgundy who had married an immigrant. Originally, Ziem planned to be an architect and studied at the School of Architecture in Dijon, and for a time he worked as an architect. In 1839 he moved to Marseilles, where he received some informal instruction in painting from Adolphe Monticelli. Painting developed from a hobby into a career following a visit in 1841 to Italy, where he fell in love with the city of Venice, a place that would become the source for many of his works, and to which he returned annually until 1892. Apart from Venetian scenes, he also painted many still lifes, portraits, and landscapes from a variety of places including Constantinople, Martigues, Cagnes-sur-Mer and his native Burgundy. More on Félix Ziem

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01 Marine Art, ANGE-JOSEPH-ANTOINE ROUX's ACTION BETWEEN FRIGATES, With Footnotes #315

Jean François Hue, (French, 1751-1823)

French corvette Bayonnaise boarding HMS Ambuscade during the Action of 14 December 1798

Oil on canvas

Château de Versailles, France

Bayonnaise was a 24-gun corvette of the French Navy, launched in 1793. Bayonnaise was being built as a privateer when the Ministry of Marine requisitioned her in 1793 before she sailed. The Ministry assumed the construction contracts and purchased her in March 1794. Her hull was coppered in 1795 in Brest. She was officially renamed Brême that year, but apparently the new name was roundly ignored.

She became famous for the Action of 14 December 1798, in which she captured the much stronger 32-gun Ambuscade off the Gironde. Ambuscade was blockading Rochefort, when the smaller Bayonnaise captured her. Ambuscade had ten men killed, including her first lieutenant and master, and 36 wounded, including her captain. Bayonnaise had 30 killed, and 30 badly wounded, including Richer and his first lieutenant.

On 28 November 1803, Ardent gave chase to Bayonnaise in Finisterre Bay. The corvette's crew ran her ashore and then set fire to her prevent the British from capturing her. Captain Winthrop of Ardent described Bayonnaise as a frigate of 32 guns and 220 men, which had been sailing from Havana to Ferrol. Actually, Bayonnaise was armed en flute with only six 8-pounder guns, and was returning from the Antilles.

Archaeologists of the "Finisterre Project" in August 2010 located Bayonnaise's wreck on Langosteira beach, Finisterre. More on the Bayonnaise

Jean-François Hue ( Saint-Arnoult-en-Yvelines , December 2, 1751 - Paris, 26 December 1823) was a French landscape painter of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. He was received at the Royal Academy in 1782. His main sources of inspiration for his works are his great voyages.

He entered the studio of Joseph Vernet as a painter and landscape designer; He painted four views of the castle of Mousseaux and it's gardens.

Having specialized in landscapes and marines, his talent allowed him to become an official Navy painter, following in the footsteps of his master Joseph Vernet . Thus, in 1791 , the Constituent Assembly entrusted him with the task of completing the series representing the ports of France, commissioned at Vernet from 1753 .

Between 1792 and 1798 , he executed a series of six paintings on the theme of the ports of Brittany . More on Jean-François Hue

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01 Painting, Marine Art, ANGE-JOSEPH-ANTOINE ROUX's ACTION BETWEEN FRIGATES, With Footnotes #314

 

FOLLOWER OF ANGE-JOSEPH-ANTOINE ROUX, (french 1765-1835)

ACTION BETWEEN H.M FRIGATE ''AMBUSCADE'' AND THE FRENCH FRIGATE ''BAYONNAISE''

Oil on canvas

23 3/8 x 30 in. (59.4 x 76.2cm)

Private Collection

Sold for $1,200 in August 2017

HMS Ambuscade was a 32-gun fifth-rate frigate of the Royal Navy, built in 1773. The French captured her in 1798 but the British recaptured her in 1803. She was broken up in 1810.

On 13 December 1798, Ambuscade captured a French merchantman, Faucon, with a cargo of sugar and coffee bound for Bordeaux. Disaster struck the following day. Ambuscade was blockading Rochefort, when the smaller French corvette Bayonnaise captured her at the Action of 14 December 1798. The court martial exonerated Captain Henry Jenkins of Ambuscade, though a good case could be made that he exhibited poor leadership and ship handling. The French brought her into service as Embuscade.

On 28 May 1803, HMS Victory recaptured her. She had a crew of 187 men under the command of capitaine de vaisseau Fradin, and was 30 days out of Cap Francais, bound for Rochefort. The Royal Navy took her back into service as Ambuscade.

In March 1805, she was attached to Sir James Craig's military expedition to Italy. Along with Dragon, Craig's flagship, and Lively, Ambuscade escorted a fleet of transports to Malta. On 4 March 1807, Ambuscade captured the ship Istria. Unité, Melpomene, Bittern and Weazel (or Weazle) were in company and shared in the prize money. More on the Ambuscade

Ange-Joseph Antoine Roux, "Antoine Roux" (1765–1835) was a French fine art painter who specialised in maritime painting, sometimes referred to as marine art. Roux came from a family of artists and primarily worked in Marseille. Early in life he was apprenticed to his father, Joseph Roux (1752–93), an hydrographer as well as an artist in his own right, spending his leisure hours painting and drawing. He died of cholera in Marseille in 1835. More Roux

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01 Marine Art, Paul Signac's Roscoff , With Footnotes #313

Paul Signac, 1863 - 1935

Roscoff, c. 1927

Watercolour, gouache and pencil on paper

27,6 x 43,8 cm; 10⅞ x 17¼ in.

Private collection

Sold for 63,000 EUR in March 2022

In the 19th century, Roscoff traded in cloth, salt and wood… even onions exported to England. Everything in its historic centre evokes the wealth of maritime trade: from the church hidden away in its garden to the opulent granite dwellings; from the boats sculpted out of stone to the turrets in the old harbour. The spirit of corsairs, smugglers and merchants still seems to hover around the entrances to elaborate cellars that open at street or beach level. More on Roscoff 

Paul Signac, (born Nov. 11, 1863, Paris, France—died Aug. 15, 1935, Paris) A French painter who, with Georges Seurat, developed the technique called pointillism.

When he was 18, Signac gave up the study of architecture for painting and, through Armand Guillaumin, became a convert to the colouristic principles of Impressionism. In 1884 Signac helped found the Salon des Indépendants. There he met Seurat, whom he initiated into the broken-colour technique of Impressionism. The two went on to develop the method they called pointillism, which became the basis of Neo-Impressionism. They continued to apply pigment in minute dabs of pure colour, as had the Impressionists, but they adopted an exact, almost scientific system of applying the dots, instead of the somewhat intuitive application of the earlier masters. In watercolours Signac used the principle in a much freer manner. After 1886 he took part regularly in the annual Salon des Indépendants, to which he sent landscapes, seascapes, and decorative panels. Being a sailor, Signac traveled widely along the European coast, painting the landscapes he encountered. In his later years he painted scenes of Paris, Viviers, and other French cities.

Signac produced much critical writing and was the author of From Eugène Delacroix to Neo-Impressionism (1899) and Jongkind (1927). The former book is an exposition of pointillism, while the latter is an insightful treatise on watercolour painting. More on Paul Signac

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01 Marine Art, Feliks Wygrzywalski's Girl Waiting for a Fisherman , With Footnotes, #312

Feliks Wygrzywalski

A Girl Waiting for a Fisherman, c. 1922

Oil on canvas

71 x 100,5 cm

Private collection

Sold for PLN 48,000 in October 2021

Feliks Michał Wygrzywalski (20 November 1875, Przemyśl – 5 September 1944, Rzeszów) was a Polish painter; remembered primarily for his Orientalist scenes and portraits. He also created a significant number of nudes.

Thanks to a scholarship from the Malinowski Foundation, he was able to study at the Academy of Fine Arts Munich from 1893 to 1898. This was followed by some time at the Académie Julian in Paris and a study trip to Italy.

In 1900, he decided to settle in Rome. His studies there consisted largely of copying the Old Masters, but he also created landscapes and nudes. Later, he provided illustrations for the Polish travel magazine, Wędrowiec (The Wanderer), as well as magazines in Germany and Russia.

In 1906, he visited Egypt, creating numerous paintings and sketches for later use. When he came back to Poland in 1908, he lived in Lwów, where he had been commissioned to paint murals at the Chamber of Commerce and Industry. He also did some stage designs. During World War I, he moved to Rostov-on-Don and became a drawing professor. He returned to Lwów when the war was over.

He was a frequent participant in exhibitions, but his first personal showing came only in 1932, at the local "Society of Friends of the Fine Arts". During this period, his major work was a series of fourteen paintings, depicting the history of dance. For most of his later life, he maintained his own art salon in Lwów. During the post-war depression, many upper-class people sold their paintings there; often entire collections.

In July 1944, at the approach of the Red Army, he was forced to flee Lwów, leaving all of his possessions behind. He found refuge at a tenement house in Rzeszów, but died only a few months later, from a stroke; possibly the result of an injury he suffered while fleeing. He was buried at the local cemetery, but his grave has not survived. More on Feliks Michał Wygrzywalski

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05 Marine Paintings, Henryk Epstein's Port in Erbalunga, Cap Corse on Corsica, With Footnotes #311

Henri EPSTEIN 1892 - 1944

BORD DE MER

Oil on canvas

h: 46 w: 61 cm

Private collection

Sold for  €10,140 EUR in April 2016

"Epstein made Corsica very real to me, with its warm atmosphere, a country so pure in its smallest things: trees, houses, men, animals, he transported me under the great olive trees where it is good to dream, not far from the tirelessly blue sea [...] He, the painter, captured in these great places the intimate union of beings and things, he fixed the fisherman against the boat, he made the red of the rough blouses of the men sing against the pink tones of the landed rays" Gustave Coquiot (Puit 1865 - Paris 1926

Henryk Epstein (1891 - 1944)

Port in Erbalunga, Cap Corse on Corsica, c. 1926-1929

Oil on canvas

38 x 61 cm

Private collection

SOLD for PLN 50,000 in March 2022

Erbalunga or Erbalonga is an ancient fishing village on Cap Corse, in the municipality of Brando in the French department of Haute-Corse, Corsica. The village of Erbalonga is the most northerly coastal settlement of Cap Corse, with vertiginous roads and sloping maquis beyond. 

Henri EPSTEIN (Lodz 1891 - Auschwitz 1944)

Port of Erbalunga, Cap Corse, Circa 1926

Oil on canvas

50 x 73 cm

Private collection

SOLD for €21,500 in MAY 2021

Henri EPSTEIN (Lodz 1891 - Auschwitz 1944)

Port of Erbalunga, Cap Corse, Circa 1926

Oil on canvas

13 x 27.5 cm

Private collection

Sold for €2,200 EUR in August  2021

Henri Epstein (Polish 1892-1944)

Strolling Along the Pier

Oil on canvas

46 x 38 cm

Private collection

Sold for $7,000 USD in March 2021

Henryk Epstein (born in 1891 in Łódź , died in 1944) - Polish painter and graphic artist, active in France, belonging to the École de Paris .

He began studying drawing and painting at a school in Lodz. In 1910 he began studies at the Academy of Fine Arts in Munich , from 1912 he studied in Paris at the Académie de la Grande Chaumière . During World War I, he reported to the Polish military units. After the war, he stayed with the Parisian avant-garde painters in Montparnasse , associated with the La Ruche rotunda. From 1921, he participated in Paris painting exhibitions, incl. at the Autumn Salon (1921), the Salon of the Independents (1921, 1922, 1923, 1925, 1928) and the Salon des Tuilleries (1927–1931). Between 1929 and 1931 he visited Brittany , staying in Quiberon and Concarneau , he painted fishermen and their surroundings, harbors, and still lifes depicting seafood, fish and birds. In the mid-1930s, he bought a farm near Épernon, where he often traveled. After the outbreak of World War II, he hid there, but was denounced and arrested on February 23, 1944. Initially, he was in a transit camp in Drancy, wife and daughter tried to get him out of there but to no avail. In transport no. 69 on March 7, 1944 he was taken to the camp in Auschwitz , where he died. The exact date of Henry Epstein's death is unknown. More on Henryk Epstein

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09 Paintings, Marine Art, On this date in 1620, English colonists aboard the Mayflower set sail for America, with Footnotes #310

Bernard Finnigan Gribble

The Building of 'Mayflower II', Brixham, Devon

Oil on board

H 76 x W 101 cm

Poole Museum

Bernard Emmanuel Finnigan Gribble was born at South Kensington, London on 10 May 1872. Bernard was educated at the College of St Francis Xavier, Bruges and in 1881. By 1891, Bernard was an 18-year-old artist, living at Sydney Street, Chelsea with his parents. During the Hispano-American War of 1898, Bernard was an artist-correspondent to 'The Queen' and 'Black & White' and was marine artist to the Worship Company of Shipwrights. 

A marine and portrait painter in oil and watercolour and who, although not a member, exhibited at the Ipswich Art Club He also exhibited at the Royal Academy from 10 Sidney Street, South Kensington in 1891. Purchasers of his paintings included President Franklin D. Roosevelt who purchased a painting showing the arrival of American destroyers at Queenstown in Ireland, during World War I and it hung in the Oval Office of the White House, other notable purchasers included Queen Mary, Kaiser Willhelm and Jackie Onassis. Gribble was also an illustrator, his work appearing in many leading magazines, and he illustrated several books, his work appearing on royal postcards and menus. 

Bernard Emmanuel Finnigan Gribble died at 60 Alexandra Road, Poole on 21 February 1962, aged 89. More on Bernard Emmanuel Finnigan Gribble

 ‘The departure of the Pilgrim Fathers from Plymouth, September 1620’. © Nicky Hughes.

Mayflower was an English ship that transported a group of English families, known today as the Pilgrims, from England to the New World in 1620. After a grueling 10 weeks at sea, Mayflower, with 102 passengers and a crew of about 30, reached what is today the United States, dropping anchor near the tip of Cape Cod, Massachusetts, on November 21, 1620.

Anthony Thompson

The 'Mayflower' Leaving to Plymouth, 1620, c. 1938

Oil on canvas

H 370 x W 380 cm (E)

Essex County Council

I've found no information on Anthony Thompson

Differing from their contemporaries, the Puritans (who sought to reform and purify the Church of England), the Pilgrims chose to separate themselves from the Church of England, which forced them to pray in private. They believed it was beyond redemption due to its resistance to reform and Roman Catholic past.

Robert Walter Weir (June 18, 1803 – May 1, 1889)

Embarkation of the Pilgrims

Oil on canvas

548 cm x 365 cm (216 inches x 144 inches; 18 feet x 12 feet)

U.S. Capitol Rotunda

Protestant pilgrims are shown on the deck of the ship Speedwell before their departure for the New World from Delft Haven, Holland, on July 22, 1620. William Brewster, holding the Bible, and pastor John Robinson leading Governor Carver, William Bradford, Miles Standish, and their families in prayer. The prominence of women and children suggests the importance of the family in the community. At the left side of the painting is a rainbow, which symbolizes hope and divine protection. More on this painting

Robert Walter Weir (June 18, 1803 – May 1, 1889) was an American artist and educator and is considered a painter of the Hudson River School. Weir was elected to the National Academy of Design in 1829 and was an instructor at the United States Military Academy. His best-known work is Embarkation of the Pilgrims in the United States Capitol rotunda in Washington, D.C.[2] More than 450 of his works are known, and he created many unsigned paintings that may never be attributed to him. More on Robert Walter Weir

Starting in 1608, a group of English families left England for the Netherlands, where they could worship freely. By 1620, the community determined to cross the Atlantic for America, which they considered a "new Promised Land", where they would establish Plymouth Colony

Bernard Gribble

The Pilgrim fathers Loading Up the Mayflower in 1620

Oil on canvas

I have no further description, at this time

After Edward Moran, (1829-1901)

Embarkation of the Pilgrims

Oil on canvas

17 5⁄8 x 29 1⁄4 in. (44.8 x 74.3 cm)

Private Collection

Edward Moran grew up in a family of weavers in Lancashire, England, where he learned to draw from a street artist. He sketched on the fabric on his weaving loom until his exasperated family told him to stop weaving and take up art. They moved to the United States in 1844 and lived in Philadelphia, where Moran studied with the artist James Hamilton. In 1868, Moran submitted a group of paintings to be shown at the Pennsylvania Academy. He was unhappy with the placement of his work, however, and on “varnishing day” cut one of his paintings from the canvas and painted over the rest with an opaque wash. The outraged directors demanded an apology and threatened to leave the damaged paintings in the exhibition. The scandal made its way into the newspapers and people clamored to see the infamous defaced paintings. Moran never apologized to the directors and eventually resigned as a member of the academy. More on Edward Moran

British School

Departure of the 'Mayflower', c. 1620

Oil on canvas

H 96.5 x W 116.5 cm

Southampton City Art Gallery

The painting showcases the departure of the Mayflower ship from England's shores as it embarks on its voyage to the New World, America. Against the backdrop of a breathtaking sunset and serene seascape, men, women, and children bid farewell to their homeland with mixed emotions. Puritans dressed in traditional attire are seen walking along the coastline carrying their belongings and walking sticks. Families cling together tightly, symbolizing unity and strength during this arduous journey towards an unknown future. This maritime masterpiece beautifully portrays both hope and trepidation as these Pilgrim Fathers set sail for Plymouth in search of religious freedom and new opportunities across vast oceans. The coastal landscape serves as a poignant reminder of what they leave behind - familiar faces, beloved homes, and cherished memories. More on this painting

The Pilgrims had originally hoped to reach America by early October using two ships, but delays and complications meant they could use only one, Mayflower.

Moran, Percy, 1862-1935

A fair Puritan/ Priscilla Mullins

Lithograph

Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington

Priscilla Mullins, it is believed, was born in or near Dorking, Surrey, England, and that she was in her teens in 1620 when she, her parents and her brother Joseph came to America on the Mayflower. Her parents and her brother died in the sickness that took so many lives during the first winter at Plymouth Colony, leaving her orphaned. Priscilla probably then moved in with the Brewster family. More on Priscilla Mullins

Edward Percy Moran (1862–1935), sometimes known as Percy Moran, was an American artist known for his scenes of American history.

He was born in Philadelphia on July 29, 1862, to Edward Moran, a notable artist who emigrated from England to the United States. He studied under his father and at the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts and the National Academy of Design.

He was a painter of historical American subjects, and examples of his work are found in many prominent collections.

He died in New York City on March 25, 1935. More on Edward Percy Moran

Granville Perkins, Baltimore, MD

The Mayflower At Sea, c. 1880

Engraving

"with the stern of the little craft hove up on a mighty wave as she leans forward to dip the next hollow of the swelling ocean, and her sails standing out against the cloudy rays of the setting sun"

Granville Perkins (1830–1895) was an American illustrator and painter, best known for landscape and marine subjects. He contributed illustrations to numerous journals and books of the 1870s and 1880s. He also painted in oils and watercolors, and exhibited his work at the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts and the National Academy of Design.

Born in Baltimore, Maryland in 1830, Granville Perkins became a scene painter at the age of fifteen, working with the Ravel family on theatrical productions such as Mazulua, The Green Monster, and Jacko or the Brazilian Ape.

With the Ravels, Perkins traveled to Cuba, Jamaica, Yucatán, and Central America between 1851 and 1856. The paintings he based on these travels give evidence of his passion for tropical subjects.

Perkins studied art with the marine painter James Hamilton at the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts in Philadelphia. By 1860 he moved to New York City, where he would work as an illustrator for periodicals such as Harper's Weekly and Frank Leslie's Illustrated Newspaper.

In New York, Perkins exhibited paintings at the National Academy of Design between 1862 and 1883. In 1870, he again sought tropical subjects for his brush, this time traveling from New York to California and from there by ship around Cape Horn. 

Granville Perkins died in New York City in 1895. More on Granville Perkins

Jean Leon Gerome Ferris  (1863–1930)

The Mayflower Compact,1620

Oil on canvas

Private collection

Picture shows passengers of the Mayflower signing the "Mayflower Compact", including John Carver sitting at the head of the old chest on which they write, and a man Ferris identified as Winston, but who was probably Edward Winslow, holding the ink horn for John Alden, who signs his name. Myles Standish sits in a chair, turned to face the signers. In addition, Ferris singled out John Howland, William Bradford, Isaac Allerton, and a man only identified as Fuller, so either Samuel or Edward Fuller. Ferris chose to include Mary Chilton "as a representative of the sex that did most of the real work of the colony."

Though the exotic, and sometimes scandalous, subject matter of his paintings attracted disapproval, there can be no doubt that Jean-Léon Gérôme was a technical maestro; a master of the spectacular who prided himself on a meticulous attention to picture detail. One of the most famous French painters of his generation, he can be credited with bringing about a transformation in historical painting. He was, however, subject to fierce criticism and controversy (mainly from Realists and Expressionists) who viewed his blending of academic painting with genre painting as falling somewhere between two outmoded schools. Nevertheless, Gérôme, whose pictorial worlds could certainly not be relied upon for historical accuracy, captivated a public that was won over by the skill and theatricality of his art. In his later career Gérôme reinvented himself as a sculptor, but he remains best known for his spectacular historical narratives that were made even more popular through the photographic reproduction of his images. More on Jean-Léon Gérôme

Arriving in November, they had to survive unprepared through a harsh winter. As a result, only half of the original Pilgrims survived the first winter at Plymouth. If not for the help of local indigenous peoples to teach them food gathering and other survival skills, all of the colonists might have perished. The following year, those 53 who survived, celebrated the colony's first fall harvest along with 90 Wampanoag Native American people, an occasion declared in centuries later the first American Thanksgiving. Before disembarking the Mayflower, the Pilgrims wrote and signed the Mayflower Compact, an agreement that established a rudimentary government, in which each member would contribute to the safety and welfare of the planned settlement. As one of the earliest colonial vessels, the ship has become a cultural icon in the history of the United States. More on Mayflower

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